Bioprospecting of Marine Organisms: Exploring Antibacterial Activities in Aqueous and Organic Extracts

This study evaluated the antibacterial activity of aqueous and organic extracts from 78 marine organisms, including seaweeds and sponges, collected along the coast of Ceará, Brazil. Extracts were obtained by maceration using distilled water and 50% acetonitrile and tested against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> (Gram-positive), and <i>Escherichia coli</i> (Gram-negative) using the disk diffusion method, and inhibition zone diameters were measured. Antibacterial activity was observed in 30.7% of the extracts, with organic extracts showing higher efficacy. Several sponge species, particularly those from the genus <i>Aplysina</i>, as well as <i>Amphimedon compressa</i>, <i>Amphimedon viridis</i>, <i>Mycale</i> sp., and <i>Pseudosuberites</i> sp., demonstrated notable inhibitory effects. While seaweed aqueous extracts showed no activity, some organic extracts-especially from <i>Amansia multifida</i>-were effective against Gram-positive strains. In general, Gram-positive bacteria were more susceptible than Gram-negative bacteria. These findings underscore the biotechnological potential of marine organisms from the Brazilian coast as promising sources of antibacterial compounds and support future efforts focused on the isolation, characterization, and toxicological evaluation of active metabolites for pharmaceutical and industrial applications.