Lead (Pb) removal and suppression of Pb-induced inflammation by <i>Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus</i> A6-6

Lead (Pb) contamination poses serious environmental and health risks, necessitating effective remediation and protection strategies. This study evaluates the Pb removal efficiency of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus A6-6 and its protective effects against Pb-induced immunotoxicity. Pb adsorption studies demonstrated that L. rhamnosus A6-6 efficiently removed Pb, primarily through peptidoglycan-mediated biosorption, following the Langmuir model. Furthermore, the immunomodulatory effects of L. rhamnosus A6-6 were assessed using RAW 264.7 macrophage-like cells, revealing its ability to mitigate Pb-induced toxicity and inflammation by suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. These findings suggest that L. rhamnosus A6-6 is a promising candidate for Pb bioremediation and immune protection. This study enhances our understanding of metal-cell interactions and highlights practical applications in environmental remediation and potential therapeutic strategies.