On the reasons for the popularity of monarchical ideas in Volhynia in the early 20th century

In the early 20th century, the monarchist movement in Russia had several centers, one of which was Volhynia province. The purpose of this article is to identify the reasons for the success of the monarchists in the south-western fringes of the empire, particularly in Volhynia. The scientifi c novelty of this research is twofold: firstly, it utilizes a wide range of sources, some of which are first introduced into the scientific discourse; and secondly, it employs the latest achievements of both domestic and foreign historiography. The most signifi cant reason for the popularity of monarchist ideas in the South-Western territory was the presence in the region of a constantly smouldering ethno-confessional confl ict between Orthodox, Catholics and Jews. This was rooted in the region’s acute socio-economic contradictions, chiefly the ongoing struggle for land between Orthodox peasants and Polish Catholic landlords, with Jewish tenants, who leased land to the peasants on unfavourable terms, becoming embroiled. Additionally, Jews effectively monopolized retail trade in the countryside. The Union of Russian People (SRN) emerged in the region, defending autocracy (which for the peasants embodied order and the patronage care of the sovereign for his people), Orthodoxy (the faith of their ancestors, for which the Cossacks had fought against the “Lyakhs” and “Jews” for centuries) and “Russian nationality” (with which Volhynia’s peasants identifi ed themselves). This development gave rise to a renewed sense of optimism among the Orthodox populace, who perceived the SRN as a potential bulwark against the “Polonization” of Volhynia province. Moreover, they anticipated that the SRN would facilitate their acquisition of land owned by Catholic landlords and would also assist in the dissolution of the trade monopoly held by the Jewish population. This was due to the fact that the SRN had declared both of them to be enemies of the autocracy. The personal factor also played an important role in the popularization of monarchist ideas in Volhynia. The Right had strong and influential leaders in the region, mostly clergymen. So these leaders could use not only the spiritual authority of the Pochaiv Lavra but also its material base in their political activities.