The Influence of Citizenship Education on National Identity in the EU

This study explores the complex relationship between citizenship education and national identity within the European Union (EU), focusing on the role of education as a key agent of political socialization. Citizenship education serves a dual function: it fosters a balanced sense of national belonging grounded in democratic values, and it acts as a safeguard against extreme forms of nationalism. In an era marked by globalization, migration, and rising populist movements, citizenship education equips young people with the knowledge, skills, and civic awareness necessary to navigate both national and European identities responsibly. The research underscores the compatibility of national and pan-European identity, highlighting that individuals can simultaneously identify with their cultural heritage and shared European values such as democracy, pluralism, and human rights. This dual identification contributes to social cohesion and intercultural understanding across the EU. Citizenship education is positioned as a proactive tool in countering polarization, xenophobia, and authoritarian populism, helping learners develop critical thinking, civic responsibility, and respect for diversity. Referring to EU policy frameworks and educational practices, the paper demonstrates that effective citizenship education can mitigate societal fragmentation and foster a politically literate and engaged civil society. It provides insights into how national and European dimensions of identity can be harmonized through inclusive, values-based education. The findings aim to support educators and policymakers in enhancing citizenship education’s capacity to reinforce democratic culture and sustain identity in the European context.