Tackling health inequalities: What exactly do we mean? Evidence from health policy in England

ObjectivesTo develop a model to support health systems in clarifying how they might target action to reduce health inequalities, and to use it to understand current policy on health inequalities in England.MethodsWe used the wider literature on the definitions of health inequalities to draw together a schematic model which attempts to link together the different conceptualisations of health inequalities present in the literature with potential sites of action that could be taken by local health systems. We then undertook a document analysis of the policy documents and programmes underlying the recent reorganisation of the NHS in England.ResultsThe need to tackle health inequalities is cited as one of the main rationales underlying the changes. However, there is a lack of clarity within the documents around: the type of inequality being addressed; the identification of the group(s) suffering from inequalities; and the ways in which the assumed ameliorative mechanisms will work in practice. The documents place considerable emphasis on the assumption that closer partnership working will address inequalities, although the mechanisms by which this will be achieved are not specified and previous research demonstrates how difficult this can be.ConclusionsThe aspiration to tackle health inequalities through newly constituted Integrated Care Systems and Boards is welcome. However, it is well known that the contribution that health care services can make to addressing inequalities is relatively limited. Greater clarity is required of policy and local strategy if efforts are to be appropriately targeted.