The subtleties of small truth as a prerequisite for larger theory evaluation

Most basic researchers who collect data do so with the goal of testing theories. However, there is disagreement among realists versus pragmatists about whether theories are best characterized in terms of truth or verisimilitude, or in terms of problem-solving ability. Nonetheless, authorities in both philosophical camps agree that empirical hypotheses can be true or false. Consequently, tests of empirical hypotheses are straightforward. In contrast, the present thesis is that even tests of empirical hypotheses may be less straightforward than researchers appreciate. Gain-probability thinking can clarify crucial caveats and qualifications.