Congenital scoliosis: What is new in the present decade?

Congenital anomalies of the spine occur due to faults in the embryological development of the immature vertebrae as an isolated defect or in association with a systemic condition. The result of the presence of these abnormalities is an asymmetrical growth affecting the longitudinal development of the spine and often producing an aggressive deformity involving the coronal and/or the sagittal planes. Recognition of the anatomical nature of the vertebral anomalies, their location along the spine and relationship to adjacent levels can predict the risk of deformity development and curve deterioration. Treatment is recommended at an early stage for those vertebral defects that are likely to produce a progressive deformity. The key to successful treatment in congenital spinal deformity is to diagnose in a timely manner those patients who are at risk to develop a severe deformity and apply early, prophylactic surgical treatment when the associated risks of major complications are more limited.