Niosomes in Drug Delivery: Current Researches in Niosomes

Niosomes, non-ionic surfactant-based vesicular systems, have garnered significant attention in recent years for their potential applications in drug delivery, gene therapy, and vaccine development. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of current research on niosomes, focusing on their formulation, characterization, and therapeutic applications. Various preparation methods, including thin-film hydration, reverse-phase evaporation, and microfluidic techniques, are critically evaluated for their efficiency in producing niosomes with controlled size, morphology, and encapsulation efficiency. Recent advancements in surface modification strategies, such as PEGylation and targeting ligands, have enhanced the biocompatibility and targeting capabilities of niosomes, facilitating the delivery of hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs. The stability of niosomes under physiological conditions and their behavior in biological environments are also discussed, highlighting the influence of formulation parameters on drug release kinetics. Additionally, the review examines the integration of niosomes in emerging fields such as nanomedicine and personalized therapy, showcasing their role in overcoming barriers related to drug solubility and bioavailability. Recent clinical studies and preclinical trials underscore the therapeutic potential of niosomes in various diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and infectious diseases. By synthesizing current findings, this article aims to provide insights into the future directions of niosome research, emphasizing their promise in revolutionizing drug delivery systems and improving therapeutic outcomes. The challenges and opportunities in scaling up production and regulatory considerations are also discussed, paving the way for the translation of niosome technology from laboratory settings to clinical applications.