Enhancing freshwater production of pyramid distiller with sun tracking, triangle additional absorber, reflectors, and Nano-enhanced PCM

• Performance of pyramid distiller with sun tracking, triangle additional absorber, reflectors, condenser, and nano-enhanced PCM was investigated. • MPSS-TA with tracking, reflectors, and condenser had a yield improved by 160 % over that of PSS. • Efficiency was improved, ranging from 39.6 % for fixed MPSS-TA to 57 % for MPSS-TA with tracking, reflectors, and enhanced condensation. • Economic analysis revealed competitive freshwater production costs, with MPSS-TA+ R costing $0.0156/L, significantly lower than the PSS at $0.02/L. Freshwater scarcity is a growing global challenge, particularly in arid and remote regions where conventional desalination methods are often energy-intensive and costly. This study aims to address this issue by proposing and evaluating a Modified Pyramid Solar Still (MPSS) with novel features designed to enhance efficiency and productivity. The primary objectives are to: (1) increase the evaporation surface area and solar radiation exposure through the integration of a vertical triangle-shaped liner atop the base liner; (2) improve thermal performance using a phase changing material (PCM) instilled with Ag nanomaterials and burlap covering; (3) optimize solar energy utilization via a mono-axis sun tracker and reflectors; and (4) enhance condensation efficiency through a fan-assisted submerged copper coil system. The methodology involves experimental testing and comparative analysis of the MPSS-TA (Modified Pyramid Solar Still with Triangular Absorber) against a conventional Pyramid Solar Still (PSS) through the same atmospheric conditions of Kafrelsheikh city, Egypt. Key findings demonstrate significant productivity improvements: the MPSS-TA achieved 5000 mL/m²per day, a 32 % improvement compared to PSS at 3800 mL/m²/day. When combined with tracking, reflectors, and PCM-Ag, productivity rose to 9000 mL/m²/day, representing a 150 % improvement. Furthermore, the MPSS-TA with tracking, reflectors, and enhanced condensation showed a 160 % yield increase over the PSS. Efficiency metrics also improved, ranging from 39.6 % for the fixed MPSS-TA to 57 % for the MPSS-TA with all enhancements. An economic analysis revealed competitive freshwater production costs, with the MPSS-TA+ R costing $0.0156/L compared to $0.02/L for the PSS. These findings emphasize the MPSS as a cost-effective and sustainable solution for addressing freshwater scarcity.