Sustained rescue of seizure control in patients with highly refractory chronic epilepsy using empiric immunotherapy

This patient group demonstrated a reasonable response rate to an immunotherapy trial. These findings are surprising but support the consideration of an immunotherapy trial in patients with refractory epilepsy. Requirements for repeated courses of immunotherapy differed significantly between patients, and this is an area of interest for further research. The basis for response in this cohort remains unclear; in some cases, antiseizure medication changes may have contributed; however, without any apparent autoimmune features, we consider potential blood-brain barrier repair or a placebo effect as hypothetical alternative mechanisms of action for the response to immunotherapy.