Amphiphilic Photosensitizer Based on Benzothioxanthene: Exploring Aggregation-Induced Enhancement of Reactive Oxygen Species Generation

The application of photosensitizers has long been hindered by complex synthesis routes and poor water solubility. In this study, we report novel benzothioxene-based photosensitizers with significant improvements in both solubility and photodynamic efficiency. Among them, the amphiphilic molecule QA-BTXI stands out, offering exceptional water solubility and pronounced aggregation-induced enhancement of reactive oxygen species generation. At a low concentration of 25 μM, QA-BTXI exhibits potent antibacterial activity against <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>. Additionally, QA-BTXI is synthesized in a cost-effective manner with 82% yield and a straightforward purification process. These findings present a promising approach to developing next-generation photosensitizers with broad potential for large-scale production and practical applications.