Sepsis Alerts in the Pre-hospital Setting: An Observational Retrospective Study of Emergency Medical Services’ Response in Portugal (2020–2023)

Background Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that demands prompt recognition and intervention to enhance patient outcomes. Early identification and timely treatment, particularly in the prehospital setting, are essential.​ Objective This study aims to characterize sepsis pre-alerts issued by the Portuguese Emergency Medical Services (EMS) early warning system between May 2020 and December 2023, focusing on adult patients. It provides an overview of the alert system and examines associated clinical data, therapeutic interventions, and hospital referrals.​ Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on sepsis pre-alerts from the Portuguese EMS database. Data collected included patient demographics, comorbidities, National Early Warning Score (NEWS), interventions administered, and outcomes.​ Results A total of 537 sepsis alerts were identified, with a median patient age of 83 years. The majority of patients had significant cardiovascular and neurological comorbidities. The average NEWS was 11.74. Advanced Life Support (ALS) or Integrated Life Support (ILS) teams were required in 76.9% (N=413) of cases. Interventions included intravenous fluid administration in 49.3% (N=265), oxygen therapy in 46.2% (N=248), and vasopressor use in 3.9% (N=14). Conclusions Effective prehospital sepsis management is crucial for improving patient outcomes. Challenges such as delayed hospital transfers, often due to regional constraints, highlight the need for enhanced integration between EMS and hospital care. Future efforts should focus on optimizing early sepsis management, fostering collaboration between EMS and hospital teams, and exploring the feasibility of prehospital antibiotic administration.