Implementation of Two-Factor Authentication and Encrypted Transmission on Line Following-AGV to Overcome RFID Cloning Attack, Spoofing Attack, and Eavesdropping Attack

The rapid advancement of digital technology has significantly enhanced the capabilities of robotic systems, particularly in industries like manufacturing and warehousing, where Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) are increasingly utilized to improve operational efficiency. However, this progress also introduces critical security challenges, particularly in protecting access and ensuring the confidentiality of robotic instructions from eavesdropping attacks. To address these vulnerabilities, a two-factor authentication (2FA) system is proposed, combining fingerprint biometrics and RFID smartcards to establish legitimate access, while AES CBC 256 encryption is employed to secure the transmission of sensitive instructions to AGVs. This dual-layered approach effectively prevents unauthorized access, guarding against cloning, spoofing, and eavesdropping attacks, thereby ensuring that only authorized personnel can operate the AGVs and that their instructions remain confidential. The system offering a robust and reliable solution for securing AGV operations in industrial and warehousing environments.