Using Augmented Reality to Teach Primary Students Time Concepts: Development and Evaluation of AR Clock

This study presents the development and evaluation of AR Clock, a mobile Augmented Reality (AR) application designed to teach time concepts to primary school students. The application addresses the growing concern about children's limited understanding of time and their difficulty in reading analogue clocks. AR Clock was developed using Agile methodology, Unity, and Vuforia SDK to create an interactive and engaging learning experience. The application features multiple levels of time-telling exercises, from basic hour reading to complex time concepts, complemented by a quiz feature for self-assessment. A user study was conducted with 25 primary school students (ages 5–6) and one mathematics teacher to evaluate the effectiveness of AR Clock showed positive outcomes that indicated AR Clock effectively combines AR technology with educational content to create an engaging learning tool for time concepts. The application's strengths lie in its intuitive interface, interactive features, and the use of AR to enhance the learning experience. This study contributes to the growing body of research on AR applications in education, particularly in teaching fundamental mathematical concepts to young learners.