Refining Electrocatalyst Design for 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Oxidation: Insights into Electrooxidation Mechanisms, Structure–Property Correlations, and Optimization Strategies

Electrooxidation of biomass-derived 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is a green and economically viable approach to produce the valuable chemical 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA). Given the significance of this transformation, there is a pressing demand for efficient electrocatalysts to expedite the HMF electrooxidation. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the electrooxidation mechanisms, structure–property correlations, and optimization strategies for catalysts involved in converting HMF into FDCA. Initially, the selectivity of reaction pathways, electrooxidation mechanisms, and thermodynamic and kinetic principles governing HMF oxidation are discussed, along with strategies to hinder the competitive oxygen evolution reaction. Subsequently, the structure–property correlations of electrocatalysts based on precious metals and transition metals are introduced in detail, emphasizing the promotion effects of various metal elements on the HMF oxidation process. Furthermore, an in-depth analysis of performance optimization strategies for electrocatalysts is also conducted, including tailoring surface adsorption, regulating dehydrogenation, accelerating proton transfer, integrating catalytic sites, and regenerating active species. Additionally, we critically assess the current challenges faced in developing highly effective HMF electrooxidation catalysts and propose future directions for overcoming these obstacles. This review article aims to provide insightful inspiration for developing high-efficiency electrocatalysts to expedite biomass conversion applications.