Dynamics and threats to floral diversity in Bhawal national park

2019 Bhawal National Park (BNP) situated in Gazipur district of Bangladesh is a crucial site for biodiversity conservation, particularly its Sal (Shorea robusta) forests, which dominate the landscape and provide essential ecological services. This review synthesizes recent studies on BNP’s floral dynamics and highlights the environmental challenges that threaten its biodiversity. BNP is facing significant biodiversity loss due to anthropogenic pressures such as industrial encroachment, illegal logging, and land-use changes, which have led to deforestation, habitat fragmentation, and the decline of native species. Additionally, climate change, characterized by rising temperatures and erratic rainfall, is further disrupting the park’s floral composition by favoring drought-resistant plants over moisture-dependent ones. These threats have caused a significant reduction in species richness. This review emphasizes the urgent need for integrated conservation strategies, including climate adaptation measures, reforestation with native species, and stronger community involvement to preserve BNP’s unique biodiversity. Continuous monitoring and research are essential for developing adaptive management strategies that ensure the park’s resilience in the face of ongoing environmental changes.