COVID-19 Reinfections in the City of São Paulo, Brazil: Prevalence and Socioeconomic Factors
COVID-19 reinfection rates were heavily influenced by socioeconomic disparities and variant-specific factors. Regions with lower Human Development Index and worse socioeconomic conditions experienced higher reinfection rates. These findings highlight the need for targeted public health interventions focused on vulnerable populations, particularly in areas with greater social inequality. As new variants continue to emerge, ongoing surveillance and adaptive public health strategies will be critical to reducing reinfections.
Authors
- Marcelo Alves de Souza Bragatte (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6031-4755)
- Isaac Negretto Schrarstzhaupt (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4451-3612)
- Takaaki Kobayashi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4751-6859)
- Gustavo Yano Callado (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6694-6569)
- Vanderson de Souza Sampaio (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7307-8851)
- Alexandre Rodrigues Marra (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7577-7688)
- Daniel Tavares Malheiro (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4321-647X)
- Michael B. Edmond (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4144-8974)
- André Luís Franco Cotia (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7141-5009)
- Kauê Capellato Junqueira Parreira (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6406-313X)
- Miguel Cendoroglo Neto (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8163-4392)
- Patrícia Deffune Celeghini (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6992-2263)
Institutions
- West Virginia University (US)
- University of Iowa (US)
- University of Kentucky (US)
- Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (BR)
- Instituto de Saúde (BR)
- Instituto Federal do Espírito Santo (BR)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Open Forum Infectious Diseases
- Published
- 2025-03-27
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaf181
- Citations
- 1
- Primary Topic
- Education during COVID-19 pandemic
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 8.93