POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS IN TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDERS: CURRENT INSIGHTS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS

Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are prevalent conditions affecting the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), masticatory muscles, and surrounding areas, leading to pain and functional impairment. Diagnosing and managing TMD is complex due to its multifactorial etiology involving biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors. Biomarkers have emerged as promising tools for precise diagnosis and monitoring of TMD. This review explores various biomarkers, including inflammatory markers like IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α, salivary markers such as oxidative stress indicators and salivary cortisol, and degradative enzymes like MMPs and ADAMTS. Neurotransmitters (e.g., glutamate, serotonin) and growth factors (e.g., NGF, VEGF) are also highlighted for their roles in TMD pathophysiology. Additionally, bone and neuroimaging biomarkers offer insights into structural and functional changes in the TMJ and brain, enhancing diagnostic accuracy. Emerging biomarkers like collagen markers, hormones, and lubricin are discussed for their potential in clinical diagnosis and treatment. Despite their promising role, challenges remain in biomarkers' standardization, specificity, and validation. Future research should focus on advanced proteomics, non-invasive sampling methods, and large-scale studies to confirm the clinical utility of biomarkers in TMD management, paving the way for personalized oral health care.