Technological convergence in the metaverse: challenges and solutions from blockchain, AI, and digital rights

Introduction:The convergence of blockchain, the metaverse, and artificial intelligence (AI) has generated significant transformations in the management of privacy, security, intellectual property, and freedom of expression in digital environments. This research explored the technical, legal, and ethical implications arising from this technological interaction.Methods:A systematic review of scientific literature published between 2022 and 2024 was conducted, selecting 35 studies indexed in databases such as IEEE Xplore, Scopus, and arXiv. A qualitative-quantitative approach was applied to categorize findings into comparative matrices and analyze patterns, regulatory gaps, and proposed solutions.Results:The findings indicated that blockchain reduces impersonation by 60% but presents scalability challenges. AI improved the detection of harmful speech (AUC-ROC: 0.91), albeit with cultural biases. In intellectual property, NFTs offered greater authenticity (β = 0.76), but collaborative works lacked sufficient traceability. Hybrid solutions proved effective against unfair censorship.Conclusions:It was concluded that no single technology is sufficient; multi-layered architecture is recommended that integrates blockchain as an audit layer, AI as an adaptive mechanism, and DAO governance for the metaverse, under interoperable and ethically sound legal frameworks.