Hamka's Philosophy of Ḥikmah in Tafsīr al-Azhar: Addressing the Crisis of Adab in Muslim Societies

Courtesy or adab is crucial in human life as it influences many other aspects. Addressing the current adab crisis is essential to fostering a civilized society. One solution to this crisis is the application of wisdom (ḥikmah). This research analyzes Hamkas thoughts on resolving the adab crisis through ḥikmah. The study employs a literature review method with a content analysis approach, utilizing data from Hamka’s works and books, especially Tafsīr al-Azhar, and journals related to his thoughts. Data analysis involved three steps: compare, contrast, and critique. The research reveals that Hamka defines wisdom as the result of thinking that develops through deep experience and practice, which guides individuals toward truth and wisdom in living life. Hamka proposes three main approaches to obtaining wisdom: understanding the Qur’ān deeply, thinking critically, and emulating good behavior. As a solution to the crisis of adab, he emphasizes strengthening spiritual intelligence, which consists of seven main aspects: al-rūḥ, al-qalb, al-nafs, al-’aql, īmān, ‘ibādah, and adab. This study argues that spiritual intelligence is considered fundamental in maintaining mental health and forming the character of civilized and integral individuals.