Exosomes in Oncology: Advancing Gene Therapy and Targeted Drug Delivery Systems

Abstract: Exosomes, small extracellular vesicles involved in intercellular communication, have emerged as promising tools in cancer treatment. Their ability to transport therapeutic agents like miRNAs and proteins directly to tumour cells highlights their role in gene therapy, immunotherapy, and drug delivery. Exosomes modulate the tumour microenvironment by promoting metastasis, angiogenesis, and immune suppression, making them central to cancer pathogenesis. Recent advancements focus on engineering exosomes for targeted therapies, enhancing precision in cancer treatment while minimizing toxicity. Preclinical studies demonstrate exosomes' ability to target tumour cells and cross biological barriers, with clinical trials investigating their use as biomarkers, drug carriers, and diagnostic tools. For example, exosome-based miRNA signatures are being explored for early cancer detection, while exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells are tested to enhance curcumin bioavailability in rectal and lung cancer. With ongoing research and trials, exosomes hold significant potential for personalized cancer therapies, early detection, and non-invasive diagnostics.