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Gupta et al. established kidney organoids containing glomeruli-like structures with podocytes. These cultures were treated with plasma from healthy individuals, patients with primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), and patients transplanted for end-stage kidney disease due to FSGS who experienced or did not experience recurrent FSGS. The plasma from patients with primary and recurrent FSGS caused a podocytopathy within the organoids with loss of nephrin and podocin. These treated organoids increased expression of proinflammatory and proangiogenic cytokines.