The Goldman Hodgkin and Katz Errors

The Goldman Hodgkin and Katz equation (GHK) is regarded as a cornerstone in the field of biology.The GHK equation expands upon Bernstein's hypothesis.Bernstein had originally employed the Nernst equation to validate his theory.Consequently, the GHK equation is also logically derived from the Nernst equation.Contemporary understanding in chemistry and electrochemistry conclusively indicates that the GHK equation contains fundamental flaws, as it deviates from the primary intent of the Nernst equation and incorporates parameters that are entirely inappropriate.