A Heat-Shock Transcription Factor in Panax ginseng, PgHSFA2, Confers Heat and Salt Resistance in Transgenic Tobacco

<i>Panax ginseng</i> plants are susceptible to high temperatures and intense sunlight, necessitating cultivation under artificially shaded structures. Identifying the genes associated with heat resistance is critical for advancing molecular breeding strategies to develop heat-tolerant ginseng varieties. Heat-shock transcription factors (HSFs) are widely recognized as key regulators of plant responses to abiotic stresses, primarily by controlling heat-shock proteins (HSPs). To identify HSF genes in <i>P. ginseng</i>, transcriptome analysis was conducted on ginseng plants subjected to heat-shock treatment (1 h at 40 °C). Among the 26 HSF unigenes annotated from the ginseng transcriptome, a unigene related to the HSFA2 family exhibited the highest transcriptional activity following heat-shock treatment. The expression of <i>PgHSFA2</i>, a gene identified from this unigene, was analyzed under temperature and salt-stress conditions in ginseng plants using qPCR. The results showed that <i>PgHSFA2</i> was highly responsive to various abiotic stresses, including heat, cold, salt, and intense sunlight. To assess the functional role of <i>PgHSFA2</i>, transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing this gene were analyzed. The overexpression of <i>PgHSFA2</i> led to an elevated expression of heat-shock proteins (HSPs) in tobacco, resulting in enhanced resistance to high temperature and salt stress. Transgenic tobacco plants exhibited significantly less reduction in chlorophyll fluorescence compared to nontransgenic controls when exposed to salt stress (200 and 400 mM NaCl) and high-temperature stress (42 °C), indicating improved stress tolerance. In conclusion, <i>PgHSFA2</i> is a crucial HSF that regulates the transcriptional control of HSPs in ginseng plants. The constitutive expression of <i>PgHSFA2</i> in transgenic ginseng could potentially confer improved tolerance to high temperatures, making it a valuable target for molecular breeding.