Cyprus Cash Waqfs Established Under Early British Rule (1878-1914)

This study examines the establishment and economic dimensions of cash waqfs in Cyprus during the early period of British administration. It focuses on the years between June 4, 1878, when the Ottoman Empire transferred the administration of Cyprus to the United Kingdom, and November 5, 1914, when the island was officially annexed by the British. The general approach of the article is to analyze economic and institutional aspects of cash waqfs established during the early British administration in Cyprus. By utilizing Cyprus archives and incorporating secondary sources, the research examines key trends, including the number of waqfs, endowed cash amounts, interest rates, and the transition from Ottoman to British currencies in waqf transactions. A comparative framework sheds light on the findings within the Ottoman-Cyprus and broader context, by highlighting historical and regional variations in waqf practices. The results demonstrate a significant increase in the establishment of cash waqfs during the British period compared to previous Ottoman rule, with approximately one-third of all waqfs being cash-based. The analysis identifies fluctuations in the amounts endowed and emphasizes the growing use of British currency over time, reflecting a shift in economic practices. In this regard, the Pound Substitution in Cyprus through waqfs has been illustrated by presenting monetary data in tabular form. Additionally, the study examines the ribḥ rates used as part of the operational mechanisms of waqfs. Accordingly, the ribḥ rates applied in Cyprus’ cash waqfs were found to be lower compared to those observed in other Ottoman territories during the same period. This article contributes to the literature on Ottoman cash waqfs by providing an in-depth examination of their evolution and economic significance in Cyprus during a transformative historical period. The findings enhance our understanding of waqfs as financial instruments and their role in adapting to changing economic and administrative environments.