A Blockchain-based smart waste management system framework for used cooking oil collection process

Used Cooking Oil (UCO) has significant potential for biodiesel production recycling; however, its recycling is limited by the absence of smart waste management systems specifically designed for UCO. This article proposes a blockchain-based smart UCO collection platform aimed at UCO collection with real-time tracking. The platform features system architecture, UCO detection and classification modules, and a fuzzy inference system (FIS)--based decision support module for estimating UCO collection potential and calculating collection thresholds for smart garbage bins (SGBs). The proposed platform integrates various technologies and tools, including blockchain, IoT sensors, smart bins, cryptocurrency micropayments, gamification elements, and machine learning. A case study from Antalya is presented to showcase the FIS-based decision support module and the computation of collection thresholds. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this platform is the most comprehensive smart recycling solution presented in the literature for UCO, enhancing public awareness, increasing interaction, and motivating recycling through financial incentives.