Artificial intelligence’s implications for freedom of expression: Different institutional approaches to ensure a responsible use of AI in journalism

Arti cial intelligence' s implications for freedom of expression: Di erent institutional approaches to ensure a responsible use of AI in journalism 2 Artificial intelligence (AI) increasingly influences journalism and editorial decision-making processes.The pervasiveness of the technology raises concerns with regard to the responsible use of AI systems in journalism, encompassing new ethical and regulatory questions.However, news media are protected by fundamental rights such as freedom of expression and press freedom.Any attempt to implement a governance framework to ensure a responsible use of AI will, therefore, need to pay attention not to curb fundamental rights.This paper aims to analyse how a responsible use of AI technology in journalism in terms of freedom of expression is tackled by specific governance frameworks of three different institutions: the Council of Europe's committee of experts on increasing resilience of the media and their 'Guidelines on the responsible implementation of artificial intelligence systems in journalism', the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe's (OSCE) 'Freedom of the media and artificial intelligence' policy document, and UNESCO's 'Recommendation on the ethics of artificial intelligence'.