Positive Impacts of Demand and Source Management on Improving Eco‐Emission Constraints of Combined Hydrogen, Heat and Power

ABSTRACT Cogeneration sources are good choices for meeting the diversity of consumers energy demand. Recently, with the introduction of the microgrid (MG) concept, to increase security, reliability, and quality of the system, loads are fed locally by low‐scale generation units. In this work, a Combined Hydrogen, Heat, and Power (CHHP)‐based MG (CHHP‐MG) is presented. The impacts of employing demand and resource management approaches are analysed in terms of benefits and pollution aspects of the operational problem. To conduct a comprehensive study, management approaches are employed for two different constructions of CHHP. To solve the demand‐side management problem, a combination of the Sunflower Optimisation Algorithm and an Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used. The numerical results indicate that the proposed demand‐side management method performs well in improving the economic and environmental indices of the MG. Specifically, the simulation of the proposed model demonstrates a 3% reduction in total pollution on the demand side, a 42% reduction on the energy resource management side, and a 44% reduction on both the demand and energy resource management sides. Meanwhile, economic profit increased by 34.19% on the demand side, 49.2% on the energy resource management side, and 70% when both the demand and energy resource management sides were applied.