<i>Yersinia pestis</i> Actively Inhibits the Production of Extracellular Vesicles by Human Neutrophils

Yersinia pestis is the etiologic agent of the plague. A hallmark of plague is subversion of the host immune response by disrupting host signalling pathways required for inflammation. This non-inflammatory environment permits bacterial colonization and has been shown to be essential for disease manifestation. Previous work has shown that Y. pestis inhibits phagocytosis and degranulation by neutrophils. Manipulation of these key vesicular trafficking pathways suggests that Y. pestis influences extracellular vesicle (EV) secretion, cargo selection, trafficking and/or maturation. Our goals were to define the EV population produced by neutrophils in response to Y. pestis and determine how these vesicles might influence inflammation. Towards these goals, EVs were isolated from human neutrophils infected with Y. pestis or a mutant lacking bacterial effector proteins known to manipulate host cell signalling. Mass spectrometry data revealed that cargoes packaged in EVs isolated from mutant infected cells were enriched with antimicrobial and cytotoxic proteins, contents which differed from uninfected and Y. pestis infected cells. Further, EVs produced in response to Y. pestis lacked inflammatory properties observed in those isolated from neutrophils responding to the mutant. Together, these data demonstrate that Y. pestis actively inhibits the production of antimicrobial EVs produced by neutrophils, likely contributing to immune evasion.