Optimal Configuration of Mobile–Stationary Hybrid Energy Storage Considering Seismic Hazards

The occurrence of extreme disasters, such as seismic hazards, can significantly disrupt transportation and distribution networks (DNs), consequently impacting the post-disaster recovery process. Restoring load using distributed generation represents an important approach to improving the resilience of DNs. However, using these resources to provide resilience is not enough to justify having them installed economically. Therefore, this paper proposes a two-stage stochastic mixed-integer programming (SMIP) model for the configuration of stationary energy storage systems (SESSs) and mobile energy storage systems (MESSs) during earthquakes. The proposed model comprehensively considers both normal and disaster operation scenarios of DNs, maximizing the grid’s economic efficiency and security. The first stage is to make decisions about the location and size of energy storage, using a hybrid configuration scheme of second-life batteries (SLBs) for SESSs and fresh batteries for MESSs. In the second stage, the operating costs of DNs are evaluated by minimizing normal operating costs and reducing load loss during seismic events. Additionally, this paper proposes a scenario reduction method based on hierarchical sampling and distance reduction to generate representative fault scenarios under varying earthquake magnitudes. Finally, the progressive hedging algorithm (PHA) is employed to solve the model. The case studies of the IEEE 33-bus and 12-node transportation network are conducted to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.