Factors Related to Pain and Disability Outcomes After an Internet-Delivered or Physiotherapist-Led Exercise Program for Individuals With Chronic Whiplash Symptoms: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Study

Improvements in both psychological and physiological factors were related to improvements in disability, neck pain, and physical function after 12 weeks of NSEIT or NSE. The results indicate that these factors are interrelated and can be improved both with NSEIT and NSE. Known risk factors for poor outcomes of neck disability in WAD, such as low self-efficacy, fear avoidance beliefs, depressive symptoms, and catastrophizing, were improved, and we need to examine other factors not included in this study that can identify those who are not improved after NSEIT or NSE.