Antioxidant, Anti-Diabetic (Α-Amylase and Α-Glucosidase) Inhibitory Potential and Screening of Bioactive Secondary Metabolites of Seed Extract of Trigonella Foenum-Graecum

Spices and herbs function as antioxidants to extend lipid peroxidation protection in biological environments. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) stands as an essential spice because its dried seeds serve both culinary purposes in beverages and food additives and medicinal applications. The soxhelt extraction method yielded fenugreek extracts through extraction with the solvents methanol, ethanol, hexane and ethyl acetate. FT-IR peak values of solid analysis of Trigonella foenum-graecum were Peak (Wave number cm-ˡ), Intensity, Corr. Area, Type of Intensity, Bond, Type of Vibration, and Functional group assignment (667.37, 69.147, 0.063, Strong, =C–H, Bending, and Alkenes), (894.97, 82.045, 0.030, Strong, =C–H, and Alkenes), (1029.99, 61.548, 10.810, Strong, C-F, Stretch, and alkyl halides), (1238.30, 81.092, 0.042, Strong, C-F, Stretch, and alkyl halides),(1317.38, 81.874, 0.136, Strong, C-F, Stretch, and alkyl halides), (1373.32, 81. 514, 0.008, Strong, C-F, Stretch, and alkyl halides),( 1519.91, 82.843, 0.127, Medium, C=C, Stretch, Aromatic), (1616.35, 77.669, 0.027, Bending, N-H, Stretch, Amide),( 1743.65, 87.838, 0.667, Strong, C=O, Stretch, and Ester), (2852.72, 87.591, 0.191, Strong, C-H, Stretch, and Alkane),( 2920.23, 83.176, 0.812, Strong, C-H, Stretch, and Alkane). Radical scavenging activities of Trigonella foenum-graecum Crude (methanolic extract), Ethanol fraction, and Quercetin (standard) recorded 23.68±1.13, 34.68±1.35 and 48.11±2.15 for Superoxide radical scavenging. At the same time recorded 41.07±2.08, 30.45±2.67 and Curcumin (standard) 95.00±4.07 for Nitric oxide radical scavenging. Anti-Diabetic (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) Inhibitory potential recorded (99.35±3.71, 44.34±1.26 and 20.73±0.11) respectively inhibitory potency against α-amylase. While recorded (73.45±2.11, 52.08±1.96 and 17.93±0.08) respectively inhibitory potency against α-glucosidase activity. Among the components responsible for fenugreek seed hypoglycemic activity stands fenugreek galactomannan. One of the beneficial antidiabetic compounds found in fenugreek seed is the fenugreek galactomannan component. Research shows that fenugreek galactomannan possesses blood glucose reducing ability yet lacks strong support from peripheral glucose uptake and antioxidant effect mechanisms. The rise in liver glycogen content through fenugreek galactomannan administration suggests enhanced glycogenesis whereas reduced glycogenolysis; therefore it likely causes liver glycogenesis increase and/or glycogenolysis decrease in diabetic rats. Studies have confirmed that seed alcoholic solutions help maintain enzyme activities from carbohydrate and lipid metabolism at near typical values.