Urbanization and declining air quality: clinical aspects of cardiovascular impact

Rapid urbanization has significantly contributed to deteriorating air quality across global cities. Increasing levels of air pollutants, particularly fine particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), and ozone (O₃), are linked to adverse cardiovascular outcomes. This article explores the clinical implications of declining air quality due to urbanization, reviewing evidence from epidemiological and clinical studies and analyzing the mechanisms through which air pollution exacerbates cardiovascular disease. The findings emphasize the urgent need for integrative public health policies and clinical interventions to mitigate these risks.