STRATEGIES FOR MINIMIZING ENGINE-OUT EMISSIONS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES

Air pollution along city roads and highways is primarily caused by the combustion of fossil fuels, with urban areas facing increasing pollution levels due to the rising number of vehicles. As stringent Euro emission regulations become more challenging to meet, the automotive industry continues to explore alternative solutions to reduce engine exhaust emissions while enhancing engine performance. This study reviews past efforts to mitigate engine-out emissions and highlights the adverse effects of human exposure to these pollutants. It discusses key emission control technologies, including exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), selective catalytic reduction (SCR), and diesel particulate filters (DPF), which target major pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) in diesel engines. While significant progress has been made, further advancements are needed to meet stricter emission standards. Despite certain limitations, combining multiple control techniques could offer more effective solutions. Nonetheless, ongoing research and innovation are essential to developing improved systems that comply with future emission norms.