LC/MS and MALDI-MSI reveal the different distribution of terpenoids in Glycine max and Glycine soja seeds

Cultivated soybeans ( Glycine max ) and wild soybeans ( Glycine soja ) are rich in terpenoids; however, the distribution of these terpenoids in their seeds, particularly in G. soja , remains unclear. To investigate the composition and distribution of terpenoids in soybeans, metabolomics was used to analyze terpenoid profiles, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) was employed to map the spatial distribution of primary differential terpenoids. The analysis demonstrated that G. max had a higher diterpenoid content, which contributed to improved flavor and aroma and enhanced seed emergence rates. Conversely, G. soja had higher triterpenoid levels, which conferred stronger dormancy and higher resistance. The MALDI-MSI results revealed spatial differences in the distribution of terpenoids in G. max and G. soja cotyledons, with G. soja having higher genetic diversity. In addition, we found that the pentacyclic triterpenoid content in G. soja was higher than that in G. max , providing high-quality research materials for studying P450s oxidation at the C-28 position in soybeans. Therefore, we should intensify the protective development and utilization of wild soybean resources, use modern biotechnological methods, and invest in breeding projects to improve nutritive value and stress resistance of soybean in the future. • High content of diterpenes in G. max improves flavor and aroma. • Triterpenoids in G. soja enhanced stress resistance and health benefits. • G. soja exhibits greater genetic diversity and distribution of terpenoids. • G. soja has potential in enhancing the nutrition and stress resistance of G. max.