Exploring the synergy between sustainability and resilience in supply chains under stochastic demand conditions and network disruptions

• Under network disruptions, supply chain service level can only be maintained at the expense of a significant increase in total cost. • Lead time variation is a major contributor of increase in total travel time. • Supply chain disruptions always lead to an increase in the environmental impact. • Low risk performance of a supplier has a negative impact on total value of sustainable purchasing. • Using backup suppliers leads to major quality control issues in the pharmaceutical industry. The impact of global events such as the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2021 Suez Canal obstruction, and the constraints imposed on Panama Canal operation due to severe drought conditions in 2023 underscore the urgent need for resilient and sustainable supply chains. However, integrated approaches that evaluate both sustainability and resilience simultaneously remain scarce. This article introduces a novel multi-phase, multi-period decision support framework for supplier selection and order allocation under demand uncertainty and network disruptions. Combining fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making with a fuzzy multi-objective mixed-integer nonlinear programming model, the framework optimizes triple bottom line sustainability alongside resilience. Applied to real-world pharmaceutical data, the results show that this integration enhances performance under disruptions but involves trade-offs, including up to 19.2 % higher costs and 42.3 % longer transport times. Despite increased environmental impact, the proposed framework offers a strategic tool for managing complex, high-risk international supply chains.