Increase In DNA Content in Agricultural Crops Hybrids in Connection with Yield

Aim of study: Study of DNA content in agricultural crops during heterosis to clarify the general biological pattern of activity of synthesis of the genetic apparatus of plant cells of various taxonomic groups. Area of study: The studies were conducted at the experimental base and in the physiological genetics department of the Institute of Genetic Resources of Azerbaijan. Material and methods: Object of study: Solanum lycopersicum L., Cucumis sativus L., Solanum melongena L., Triticum L., Gossypium L. The content of total DNA was determined spectrophotometrically, the amount of which was recalculated per cell, cytophotometry of DNA in nuclei – by the Feulgen reaction. Main results: All hybrids, regardless of their type and degree of heterotic effect, surpassed the parental forms in DNA content per nucleus and leaf cell. The increase in DNA content corresponds to the heterosis value. Thus, in the wheat hybrid k-47091 x k-53215, the grain weight exceeded the average values of the parents by 16.7%, the DNA content in the nucleus increased by 21.6%. In the hybrid 47091 x k-51549, these indicators were 14.6% and 19.5%, respectively. In tomato varieties, classes of nuclei with DNA content of 2c and 4c were noted, in hybrids – 4c-8c. The average DNA content in wheat hybrids increased due to cells with DNA content of 2c-4c. Research highlights: The obtained results allow us to recommend determining the DNA content in the somatic cell of plants and cytophotometric studies, which allow us to identify nuclei with an increased degree of ploidy, for predicting heterosis.