Advancing Grid-Forming Inverter Technology: Comprehensive PQ Capability and Performance Analysis

This paper presents an extensive analysis of grid-forming (GFM) inverter technology, essential for reliable operation within power systems dominated by inverter-based resources (IBRs). Emphasizing the unique operational constraints and performance characteristics distinct from traditional synchronous generators, this study develops advanced PQ capability models and algorithmic frameworks tailored explicitly for GFM inverters considering various coupling filter configurations. The work thoroughly investigates the inverter's harmonic behaviors and dynamic responses through detailed electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulations under diverse loading scenarios—including resistive, inductive, capacitive, and stochastic loads—as well as fault and overload conditions. Additionally, it provides an insightful comparative performance analysis between grid-forming and grid-following (GFL) inverters during parallel operations, particularly focusing on dynamic power-sharing scenarios. Experimental validation conducted with a comprehensive hardware setup confirms the robustness of analyzed methodologies and the accuracy of simulation results. These findings deliver critical insights into optimizing GFM inverter designs, ensuring stable and efficient integration into modern electric grids.