Validation of Designing a Photovoltaic Energy (PVE) System to Enhance Urban Life and Reduce Fossil Fuel Dependence in Tehran and Baghdad

Aim: This study aimed to design and validate a grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system to assess its potential for reducing CO₂ emissions and enhancing urban sustainability in Tehran and Baghdad. Methods: The study employed a tilt angle of 30°/0° for both sites. A total of 3,654 photovoltaic modules were installed, covering an area of 9,990 m², with 57 inverters integrated into the system. The total system power capacity was 2,138 kW, incorporating components for storage and self-consumption. Results: The results demonstrated a significant reduction in CO₂ emissions over a 15-year system lifetime—amounting to 41,168.7 tons in Iraq and 25,814.1 tons in Iran. In terms of generated emissions, Iraq recorded 1,169.78 tons of CO₂, while the grid lifecycle emissions were 869 tons in Iraq and 575 tons in Iran. The annual system production was 1,833.9 MWh in Iraq and 1,663.5 MWh in Iran. These findings highlight the system's strong potential in mitigating carbon dioxide emissions and offering a sustainable energy solution for urban environments with high pollution levels. Conclusion: This work serves as a foundational contribution to the broader understanding of how oil and gas exporting countries can harness photovoltaic technologies to address escalating energy demands. This is particularly in densely populated urban areas while simultaneously avoiding environmental crises, such as those currently experienced in Tehran. Recommendations: There should be development and implementation of strategic approaches for integrating connected photovoltaic systems play a critical role in strengthening energy security. Addressing emerging challenges, and establishing effective pathways to reduce and prevent environmental degradation in the future.