Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction as an interdisciplinary problem

REVIEW HFpEF as an interdisciplinary problem 1 filling pressures and clinical symptoms such as dyspnea, fatigue, and exercise intolerance. 2 HFpEF is closely linked to several metabolic and cardiovascular disorders, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension, obesity, and atrial fibrillation (AF).T2DM promotes myocardial fibrosis, endothelial dysfunction, and systemic inflammation, all of which contribute to the pathogenesis of HFpEF. 3 Hypertension is a major driver of LVH and arterial stiffness, exacerbating diastolic dysfunction and increasing the likelihood of HFpEF development. 4 Obesity, particularly central adiposity, is associated with increased myocardial workload, inflammation, and altered cardiac metabolism, further predisposing individuals to HF-pEF. 5 AF, frequently observed in patients with HFpEF, worsens diastolic dysfunction by causing tachycardia -induced cardiomyopathy and a