Securing electronic health records using blockchain-enabled federated learning for IoT-based smart healthcare

The integration of smart city applications with healthcare has revolutionized patient monitoring and medical data management. However, ensuring the privacy and security of Electronic Health Records (EHR) remains a critical challenge, especially in IoT-based environments with resource-constrained devices. This paper proposes a novel Blockchain-Enabled Federated Learning (BFL) framework to enhance privacy preservation in EHR processing. The proposed framework leverages zero-knowledge proofs (ZKP) for authentication and homomorphic encryption for secure computation, ensuring robust data security without exposing raw patient data. Federated Learning (FL) enables decentralized model training across IoT devices, reducing privacy risks while maintaining data utility. Additionally, blockchain technology enhances the integrity and transparency of EHR transactions by creating a tamper-proof ledger. The performance of the proposed BFL framework is evaluated based on data utility, model accuracy, execution time, and scalability across varying sizes of EHR datasets. Results demonstrate improved privacy preservation, reduced computational overhead, and enhanced model efficiency, making it a promising approach for secure and privacy-aware IoT-based smart healthcare systems.