Analysis of Coverage in the LoRa Network With Different Fading Channels Using IRS Environment

ABSTRACT In this paper, we consider Long Range (LoRa) Low‐Power Wide Area Networks in downlink systems using intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRSs) instead of relay communication because IRS consumes less power, is less expensive, and has more passive elements. IRS is also used to control multipath fading because multipath fading is a major problem in wireless networks. The primary objective of the paper is to examine the coverage probability for the Rayleigh and Nakagami‐m distributions in the downlink LoRa system using the IRS environment. In particular, the coverage of Nakagami‐m and Rayleigh fading channel models in the LoRa downlink system is based on Gateway (GW) to User Equipment (UE) via IRS environment plus direct link (GW to UE). In addition, investigate the effect of channel hardening under the Nakagami‐m distribution, as well as the effect of coverage probability with a variety of path loss exponents (PLE) in a Rayleigh fading wireless channel employing IRS medium in the LoRa downlink system.