Blockchain technology adoption in food supply chains: key factors, impacts and challenges

Purpose The present study investigates the various aspects, consequences and obstacles linked to the use of blockchain technology (BCT) within Iraq’s food supply chain (FSC). By identifying and analyzing these components, this study aims to fill the knowledge gap on BCT’s potential and practical implications in this context. Design/methodology/approach An exploratory qualitative approach was used, involving 21 in-depth interviews analyzed through thematic analysis using NVivo (v12). The study systematically examined BCT adoption’s drivers, impacts and challenges in the Iraqi FSC context. Findings Nine key factors influencing blockchain adoption were identified and categorized into three domains: technology, organization and environment. The study also identified five major impacts of blockchain on the FSC and highlighted key challenges, including interoperability issues, privacy concerns, infrastructure limitations and a lack of knowledge. Research limitations/implications The study’s limitations include the early stage of BCT adoption, which restricted access to organizations with extensive experience in blockchain implementation. The generalizability of the findings may be restricted by the research’s emphasis on a broad FSC context rather than specific product categories. In addition, the interviews were conducted online due to budget constraints, potentially affecting the depth of responses. Many participating organizations had either not fully implemented blockchain or had only recently initiated pilot projects, which could influence the reliability of their insights. Social implications The study’s findings offer practical guidance for improving the transparency and efficiency of the FSC in Iraq, potentially leading to better consumer trust and enhanced food security. Originality/value This study provides a pioneering analysis of BCT adoption within Iraq’s FSC, a topic that has been underexplored despite its significance. By focusing on Iraq, the research addresses the specific technological, organizational and environmental factors influencing BCT adoption in a region facing unique challenges like political instability, infrastructural deficiencies and environmental stresses. The study’s findings offer critical insights into how blockchain can improve transparency, efficiency and trust in Iraq’s FSC, thus enhancing overall food security and economic resilience.