Biobased self-healing functional composites and their applications

Self-healing composites are innovative materials designed to autonomously repair damage and restore functionality, offering a sustainable alternative to traditional thermosetting materials. These materials enable self-repair without external intervention, extending service life and reducing maintenance costs. Recently, bio-based self-healing composites comprising matrices and fillers derived from renewable resources such as polysaccharides (e.g., cellulose), lignin, vegetable oils, and vanillin have emerged as a promising solution to reduce dependence on non-renewable petroleum-based materials. This review delves into the advancements in bio-based self-healing composites, with a focus on systems utilizing dynamic covalent bonds (e.g., hydroxyl ester, Schiff base, disulfide bonds) and dynamic non-covalent interactions. It explores diverse self-healing mechanisms, including supramolecular chemistry, covalent bond reformation, diffusion and flow, heterogeneous systems, and shape-memory effects, as well as their synergistic combinations. The discussion spans both physical and chemical approaches, highlighting integrated physico-chemical strategies. Furthermore, the review examines state-of-the-art fabrication techniques and the broad range of applications for these materials. Future perspectives and research directions underscore the pivotal role of bio-based self-healing composites in advancing sustainable and durable solutions across multiple industries.