Paradigm of Pumped Hydro Energy Storage: Comprehensive Review

At present, climate change and anthropogenic impacts have a significant impact on the availability of water resources, hydroelectric power generation and the use of renewable energy sources. Maximizing and improving power utilization and providing balanced power in the national grid and sustainable energy at grid level is very important. It is widely recognized to utilize renewable energy from various sources and improve water resources management and utilization practices by providing PHES. This review paper examines the implication of Pumped Hydro Energy Storage (PHES) systems in fulfilling the nature of variable energy system to meet peak load. The review considers the characteristics, status and various topologies of PHES systems. The review explores that the preferred sites or topologies that varies in practice can be implemented at different sites of PHES. The paper highlights the importance of PHES, the PHES topologies, features, development of PHES. Suggests future directions and gaps may provide good input for researchers specifically focusing on peak load control, optimization and control mechanisms, improving efficiency and performance: environmental impacts, integration of renewable energy sources and optimal PHES sizing.