In Situ Cation Exchange Enables Air‐Processed Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells with over 25% Efficiency and Enhanced Stability
Abstract The scalable fabrication of inverted perovskite solar cells (IPSCs) in humid air with an antisolvent‐free process is essential for future industrial applications. However, high humidity poses significant challenges for achieving high‐quality perovskite films, making it difficult to attain efficient IPSCs under ambient conditions. Here, we present an in situ cation exchange strategy to create a compact and uniform PbI₂ shell on the perovskite surface by using ZnI₂ in acetonitrile (ACN), where Zn 2+ replaces Pb 2+ . This transformation is attributed to the surface defects of the perovskite, which undergo a cation exchange reaction in humid air, forming a compact PbI₂ shell. The n‐type PbI₂ shell effectively encapsulates the perovskite films, minimizing air exposure while optimizing energy level alignment, thereby enhancing electron transport and extraction. As a result, we demonstrate IPSCs with efficiencies of 25.2% under ambient conditions (25°–30 °C, 60% ± 10% relative humidity [RH]), on par with state‐of‐the‐art devices fabricated in inert atmospheres. The devices demonstrated remarkable stability, enduring aging tests under the International Summit on Organic Photovoltaic Stability (ISOS) protocols ISOS‐D‐1I and ISOS‐D‐2I for over 4770 and 2000 h, respectively.
Authors
- Wenchao Huang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4992-1727)
- Ligang Xu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9414-0674)
- Runfeng Chen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0222-0296)
- Zijie Wei (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9346-3334)
- Jing Li (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3472-9835)
- Wei Huang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7004-6408)
- Wei Qian (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9776-2359)
- Lin Yao (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6283-2146)
- Wenzhen Lv (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8470-8214)
- Yuhan Zhou (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6657-7617)
- Hai Long Wang
Institutions
- Northwestern Polytechnical University (CN)
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University (CN)
- Wuhan University of Technology (CN)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (CN)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures (CN)
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry (CN)
- Zhejiang University (CN)
- Nanjing University (CN)
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (CN)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Angewandte Chemie
- Published
- 2025-04-16
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.202503702
- Citations
- 1
- Primary Topic
- Perovskite Materials and Applications
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.73