Ovarian dysfunction due to thyroid hormone imbalances and stress: Rescue by melatonin

Reproduction is essential and the essence of life, but it is clouded by infertility-related issues, and most of them are endocrine in origin/nature. The prevalence of disorders due to thyroid hormone imbalances (hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism) and stress due to adrenal hormones is a common scenario in women of reproductive age. Thyroid disease has been linked to a variety of negative impacts on female reproductive capability. Melatonin is best described as a pineal hormone and a bioactive amine with cellular targets in selected tissues. Melatonin is produced mainly in the oocyte and ovarian follicular cells. Furthermore, oxidative stress is reduced in all female reproductive organ cells, including the oocytes, due to the free radical scavenging activity of melatonin and its metabolites, ensuring appropriate function. The present review deals with the role of melatonin in female reproductive alterations due to thyroid dysfunction and various other related factors, such as oxidative stress and lifestyle disorders. At the same time, we have proposed the effective role of melatonin in rescue or managing above female anomalies since melatonin, being a multi-potent molecule, has numerous possibilities in therapeutics. This is due to the ameliorative properties of melatonin as anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and also a regulator of certain metabolism which can appear in the above pathological conditions.