A Study on the Transformation of Young Marx from Critique of the State to Critique of Civil Society

青年马克思将现代世界判断为市民社会与国家的二元对立，这种二元对立在人身上体现为作为政治共同体成员的公民和自私自利的市民的二重身份对立。因此，如何把市民社会与国家统一起来的问题就转变为如何实现人的普遍解放的问题。在《黑格尔法哲学批判》《德法年鉴》上的两篇文章中，随着马克思对市民社会的理解的深入，马克思在此问题的解决上经历了由受黑格尔影响的寻找一个理性国家来弥合两者间的分裂，到发现国家的内在缺陷不能支撑两者的统一，再到在市民社会中发现造成分类对立的现实根源。在马克思从国家批判到市民社会批判的转变中，占据统治地位的“国家”在人的解放中逐渐退却，市民社会逐渐登上宝座。马克思通过《〈黑格尔法哲学批判〉导言》在市民社会中找到无产阶级，以超越市民社会，解决人的解放问题。Young Marx perceived the modern world as a dual opposition between civil society and the state, which manifested in individuals as the conflict between their dual identities: as citizens of a political community and as selfish, self-interested members of civil society. Thus, the question of how to unify civil society and the state transformed into the question of how to achieve universal human liberation. In his “Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right” and the two articles in the “Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher”, as Marx deepened his understanding of civil society, his approach to solving this problem evolved. Initially influenced by Hegel, he sought a rational state to bridge the divide between the two. However, he later realized that the inherent defects of the state could not support their unification. Ultimately, he discovered the real roots of this dual opposition within civil society itself. In Marx’s transition from critique of the state to critique of civil society, the dominant “state” gradually receded in the quest for human liberation, while civil society ascended to prominence. In the “Introduction to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right”, Marx identified the proletariat within civil society as the force capable of transcending civil society and solving the problem of human liberation.