Multi-channel marketing exposure and psychoactive substance use in e-cigarettes: a cross-sectional study of Polish adolescents and young adults

These findings elucidate the com‑ plex interplay between e‑cigarette marketing exposure, socioeconomic factors, and high‑risk e‑cigarette use among adolescents. The results underscore the necessity for more stringent regulation of e‑cigarette marketing and comprehensive, targeted prevention strategies focusing on urban and higher‑income youth populations. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2025;38(2):190-206.