Quantifying the Effects of Climate Change on the Urban Heat Island Intensity in Luxembourg—Sustainable Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies Through Urban Design

Rapid urbanization and climate change intensify the urban heat island effect. This study quantifies the UHI impact in Luxembourg’s Pro-Sud region and explores sustainable mitigation strategies. In situ and mobile measurements, EURO-CORDEX regional climate projections (RCP4.5), and the FITNAH-3D urban climate model were used considering also future building developments. The results reveal a significant UHI effect, with substantial temperature and thermal stress level differences between urban and rural areas. Regional climate projections indicate a marked UHI intensification under future scenarios. FITNAH-3D simulations show increased thermal stress levels, especially in densely built areas, and highlight green infrastructure’s importance in mitigating UHI effects. Recommendations for spatial unit-specific urban climate measures specifically for vegetation, unsealing, and optimized urban design and planning are provided. Our research emphasizes the urgent need for tailored urban planning, adaptation, and mitigation strategies to enhance urban climate resilience and address thermal stress.